Critical analysis of the liver cancer policies and programs in China: implications for international liver cancer control | Global Health Research and Policy

0
Critical analysis of the liver cancer policies and programs in China: implications for international liver cancer control | Global Health Research and Policy
  • Sia D, Villanueva A, Friedman SL, Llovet JM. Liver cancer cell of origin, molecular class, and effects on patient prognosis. Gastroenterol. 2017;152(4):745–61.

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zen Y. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Typical features, uncommon variants, and controversial related entities. Hum Pathol. 2023;132:197–207.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu Z, Jiang Y, Yuan H, et al. The trends in incidence of primary liver cancer caused by specific etiologies: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 and implications for liver cancer prevention. J Hepatol. 2019;70(4):674–83.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumgay H, Arnold M, Ferlay J, et al. Global burden of primary liver cancer in 2020 and predictions to 2040. J Hepatol. 2022;77(6):1598–606.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Qi J, Li M, Wang L, et al. National and subnational trends in cancer burden in China, 2005–20: an analysis of national mortality surveillance data. Lancet Public Health. 2023;8(12):e943–55.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrick JL, Braunlin M, Laversanne M, Valery PC, Bray F, McGlynn KA. International trends in liver cancer incidence, overall and by histologic subtype, 1978–2007. Int J Cancer. 2016;139(7):1534–45.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization, International agency for research on cancer. GLOBOCAN 2020. Available at: Accessed 23 Jun 2024.

  • Wang M, Wang Y, Feng X, et al. Contribution of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus to liver cancer in China north areas: experience of the Chinese National Cancer Center. Int J Infect Dis. 2017;65:15–21.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zou HM, Ge Y, Lei Q, et al. Epidemiology and disease burden of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in greater China: a systematic review. Hepatol Int. 2022;16(1):27–37.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zou HM, Li M, Lei Q, et al. Economic burden and quality of life of hepatocellular carcinoma in greater China: A systematic review. Front Public Health. 2022;21(10): 801981.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Cancer Compare Data Visualization. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2024. Available at Accessed 2 Aug 2024.

  • Lei H, Lei L, Shi J, et al. No expenditure difference among patients with liver cancer at stage I-IV: findings from a multicenter cross-sectional study in China. Chin J Cancer Res. 2020;32(4):516–29.

    Article 
    PubMed Central 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao M, Xia C, Cao M, et al. Attributable liver cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life years in China and worldwide: profiles and changing trends. Cancer Biol Med. 2024;21(8):679–91.

    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Shi JF, Cao M, Wang Y, et al. Is it possible to halve the incidence of liver cancer in China by 2050? Int J Cancer. 2021;148(5):1051–65.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. Preventing cancer. Available at: Accessed 23 Aug 2024.

  • World Health Organization. National Cancer Control Programmes: policies and managerial guidelines (2nd edition). 2002. Available at: Accessed 23 Jun 2024.

  • Abenwie SN, Essi MJ, Edo’o VD, Hervé JN, Ndom P. Role of health promotion in cancer control in Cameroon and its utilization by the National Cancer Control Program (NCCP), strategy from 2004–2019. Int Res J Public Environ Health. 2021;8(1):1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. Cancer control: knowledge into action WHO guide for effective programmes: planning. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006. PMID: 24741742.

  • World Health Organization. National cancer control programmes core capacity self assessment tool. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2011.

  • Romero Y, Trapani D, Johnson S, et al. National cancer control plans: a global analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(10):e546–55.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • International cancer control partnership. National plan-cancer plan. Available at: Accessed 20 Aug 2024.

  • Joy SM, Blauvelt BM, Tuncer MA, et al. Stakeholder perspectives on European priorities for comprehensive liver cancer control: a conjoint analysis. Eur J Public Health. 2013;23(6):951–7.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges JF, Joy SM, Gallego G, et al. Needs for hepatocellular carcinoma control policy in the Asia-Pacific region. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2011;12(10):2585–91.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges JF, Joy SM, Blauvelt BM, Yan W, Marsteller JA. An international comparison of stakeholder motivation to implement liver cancer control. Health Policy Plan. 2015;30(5):645–55.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Liver Cancer. Available at: Access 8 Aug 2023.

  • Cao M, Li H, Sun D, et al. Current cancer burden in China: epidemiology, etiology, and prevention. Cancer Biol Med. 2022;19(8):1121.

    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalglish SL, Khalid H, McMahon SA. Document analysis in health policy research: the READ approach. Health Policy Plan. 2021;35(10):1424–31.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. Cancer Control: Knowledge into Action: WHO Guide for Effective Programmes: Module 2: Prevention. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007. PMID: 24716261.

  • World Health Organization. Cancer Control: Knowledge into Action: WHO Guide for Effective Programmes: Module 3: Early Detection. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007. PMID: 24716262.

  • World Health Organization. Cancer Control: Knowledge Into Action: WHO Guide for Effective Programmes: Module 4: Diagnosis and Treatment. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. PMID: 24404638.

  • World Health Organization. Cancer Control: Knowledge into Action: WHO Guide for Effective Programmes: Module 5: Palliative Care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007. PMID: 24716263.

  • Zhang Y. To achieve the goals of China’s 11th Five-Year Plan through reforms. Development Research Center, Beijing, mimeo. 2006.

  • Hoffman SJ, Røttingen JA, Bennett S, Lavis JN, Edge JS, Frenk J. Background paper on conceptual issues related to health systems research to inform a WHO Global strategy on health systems research. Health Systems Alliance. 2012. Available at: Accessed Dec 2024

  • Amu H, Dowou RK, Saah FI, Efunwole JA, Bain LE, Tarkang EE. COVID-19 and health systems functioning in sub-Saharan Africa using the “WHO Building Blocks”: the challenges and responses. Front Public Health. 2022;10: 856397.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ye P, Jin Y, Er Y, et al. A scoping review of national policies for healthy ageing in mainland China from 2016 to 2020. Lancet Regional Health. 2021;12: 100168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiong S, Cai C, Jiang W, et al. Primary health care system responses to non-communicable disease prevention and control: a scoping review of national policies in mainland China since the 2009 health reform. Lancet Regional Health. 2023;31: 100390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China. Plan for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis.1984.04.18. Available at: Accessed 31 Dec 2023.

  • Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China. Trial Measures for Immunization of Hepatitis B Blood-Derived Vaccine Nationwide. 1987.09.14. Available at: https://www.pkulaw.com/chl/5a7ac935de7761c1bdfb.html?keyword=%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%99%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E%E8%A1%80%E6%BA%25B%BD%E4%B9%99%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E%E8%A1%80%E6%BA%90%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E5%85%8D%E7%96%A90%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E6%8E%A5%E7%A7%8DB%E6%8E%A5%E7%A7%8D%E8%AF%95%25E%E8%AF%95%25E

  • Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China. Implementation Plan for Hepatitis B Vaccination Nationwide. 1991.10.25. Available at: Accessed 2023–12–31.

  • Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China. Circular on Further Strengthening the Current Prevention and Control of Hepatitis .1993.08.16. Available at: https://www.pkulaw.com/chl/365405fe053a0766bdfb.html?keyword=%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E9%83%A8%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E8%BF%9B%E4%B8%80%E6%AD%A5%E5%8A%A0%E5%BC%BA%E5%BD%93%E5%89%8D%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E%E9%98%B2

  • Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China. Circular on Printing and Distributing the Tenth Five-Year Plan Outline for Health Work .2001.07.23. Available at: Accessed 22 Dec 2023.

  • Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Finance, People’s Republic of China. Circular on Including Hepatitis B Vaccine in Children’s Immunization Program .2001.12.05. Available at: https://www.pkulaw.com/chl/f79edb73752bb767bdfb.html?keyword=%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%B0%86%E4%B9%99%E8%82%9D%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%A5%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E8%AE%A1%E5%

  • Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China. Outline of the Tenth Five-Year Plan and the 2010 Long-Term Plan for the Development of Health Science and Technology in China .2001.12.13. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China. Outline of the Plan for Cancer Prevention and Control in China (2004–2010) .2004.02.25Bulletin of Chinese Cancer. 2004;(02):3–6.

  • Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China. Guiding Opinions on the Training Outline for Rural Health Workers .2005.03.21. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • The State Council. Outline of the National Medium- and Long-Term Science and Technology Development Plan (2006–2020) .2005.12.29. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China. National Plan for the Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B (2006–2010) .2006.01.28. Available at: Accessed 31 Dec 2023.

  • Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China. Key Points of Knowledge for Publicity and Education on Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B .2006.09.02. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China. Management Measures for Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer Projects (Trial) .2007.01.23. Available at: https://www.pkulaw.com/chl/6ca1c2854a2cb25ebdfb.html?keyword=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E6%97%A9%E8%AF%8A%E6%97%A9%E6%B2%BB%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%88%E8%AF%95%E8%A1%8C%

  • Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China. Circular on Printing and Distributing the Implementation Plan for Expanding the National Immunization Program .2008.05.02. Available at: Accessed 31 Dec 2023.

  • Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China. Circular on Printing and Distributing the Basic Responsibilities of Disease Prevention and Control Institutions at All Levels and the Performance Evaluation Standards for Disease Prevention and Control Work.2008.12.01. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China. Circular on Establishing the National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base TCM Prevention and Treatment of Liver Disease Clinical Research Alliance.2008.12.15. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • General Office of Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China. Circular on Carrying out the Standardized Diagnosis and Treatment Training Program for Chronic Hepatitis B in County-Level Hospitals. 2010.07.16. Available at: https://www.pkulaw.com/chl/c2526b13c2bbd290bdfb.html?keyword=%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%BC%80%E5%B1%95%E5%8E%BF%E7%BA%A7%E5%8C%BB%E9%

  • General Office of Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China. Guidelines for the Standardized Diagnosis and Treatment of Common Tumors in Municipal and County-Level Hospitals (Trial) .2010.12.14. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • General Office of Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China. Circular on Printing and Distributing the Implementation Plan for the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of AIDS, Syphilis and Hepatitis B .2011.02.24. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • National People’s Congress. Outline of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China .2011.03.16. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Finance, People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Commerce, People’s Republic of China, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine. National Basic Public Health Service Specification (2011 Edition). 2011.05.24. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China. Circular on Carrying out the 2011 World Hepatitis Day Publicity Activities .2011.07.12. Available at: Accessed 31 Dec 2023.

  • National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Guidelines for the Construction and Management of Liver Disease Departments in Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospitals and Other Five Departments (Trial) .2012.02.22. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China. Circular on Organizing and Carrying out the 2012 World Hepatitis Day Publicity Activities .2012.07.06.Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • The State Council, People’s Republic of China. Circular on Printing and Distributing the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for the Development of Health Undertakings .2012.10.08. Available at: Accessed 31 Dec 2023.

  • Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China. Management Measures for Urban Cancer Early Diagnosis and Early Treatment Projects .2012.10.26.Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • General Office of Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China. Evaluation Standards for the Construction of National Clinical Key Specialties (Trial) .2012.11.08. Available at: https://www.pkulaw.com/chl/4a67ed0490996988bdfb.html?keyword=2011%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4%E7%A7%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E9E7%98%A4%E7%A7%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E9%87%8D%E7%82%B9%E4%B8%93%E7%A7%91%E5%BB%BA%87%8D%E7%82%B9%E4%B8%93%E7%A7%91%E5%BB%BA%25E%25E

  • Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China. Quality Control Indicators for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Liver Cancer (Trial). 2012.12.14. Available at: https://www.pkulaw.com/chl/1ce59ab7fdaf7b5fbdfb.html?keyword=%E5%8E%9F%E5%8F%91%E6%80%A7%25%91%E6%80%A7%E8%82%9D%E7%99%8C%E8%AF%8A%E7%96%97%E8%B4%A8E8%82%9D%E7%99%8C%E8%AF%8A%E7%96%97%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E6%8C%87%E6%A0%87%EF%BC%88%25E%E9%87%8F%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E6%8C%87%E6%A0%87%EF%BC%88%25E

  • National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of health, Ministry of Education, People’s Republic of China. Standardized Training Standards for General Practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Trial) .2013.02.17. Available at: https://www.pkulaw.com/chl/19434e080833aaf4bdfb.html?keyword=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8C%BB%E7%B1%BB%E5%88%AB%E5

  • National Health and Family Planning Commission, People’s Republic of China, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Circular on Printing and Distributing the Work Plan for Comprehensively Improving the Comprehensive Capability of County-Level Hospitals .2014.08.07.Available at: https://www.pkulaw.com/chl/ee1b64acfbe22f4abdfb.html?keyw

  • National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Health and Family Planning Commission, People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Education, People’s Republic of China. Implementation Measures for the Standardized Training of Traditional Chinese Medicine Residents (Trial) .2014.12.11Available at: http://www.natcm.gov.cn/renjiaosi/zhengcewenjian/2018-03-24/1

  • Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China. Circular on Fully Implementing the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of AIDS, Syphilis and Hepatitis B .2015.06.16. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • National Health and Family Planning Commission, People’s Republic of China, National Development and Reform Commission, People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Education, People’s Republic of China. Three-Year Action Plan for Cancer Prevention and Control in China (2015–2017) .2015.09.09.Available at: https://www.pkulaw.com/chl/e478f4447cab158cbdfb.html?keyword=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%99%8C%E7%

  • General Office of National Health and Family Planning Commission, People’s Republic of China. Circular on Printing and Distributing the Training Outline for Newly Recruited Nurses (Trial) .2016.02.16. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • National People’s Congress. Outline of the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China .2016.03.17. Available at: Accessed 31 Dec 2023.

  • The Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, the State Council. Outline of the “Healthy China 2030” Plan .2016.10.25. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • The State Council. Circular on Printing and Distributing the “Thirteenth Five-Year” Deepening Medical and Health System Reform Plan .2016.12.27. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • The State Council. Circular on Printing and Distributing the “Thirteenth Five-Year” Health and Health Plan .2016.12.27. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • The State Council. Special Plan for Health and Health Science and Technology Innovation during the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan” Period .2017.01.11. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • National Health and Family Planning Commission, People’s Republic of China, National Development and Reform Commission, People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Education, People’s Republic of China, et al. China Viral Hepatitis Prevention and Control Plan (2017–2020) .2017.10.17. Available at: Accessed 31 Dec 2023.

  • National Health Commission, People’s Republic of China. Circular on Publishing 7 Health Industry Standards Including “Diagnosis of Hepatitis C” .2018.03.28. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • National Healthcare Security Administration. Circular on Carrying out Provincial-Level Centralized Procurement of Anti-Cancer Drugs. 2018.07.17. Available at: Accessed 31 Dec 2023.

  • General Office of the State Council. Circular on Printing and Distributing the Key Tasks of Deepening Medical and Health System Reform in the Second Half of 2018 .2018.08.20. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • National Health Commission, People’s Republic of China. the Clinical Application Guidelines for New Antineoplastic Drugs (2018 Edition). 2018.09.21. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • National Healthcare Security Administration. Circular from the National Medical Security Administration on Including 17 Anti-Cancer Drugs in the Category B List of National Basic Medical Insurance, Work Injury Insurance and Maternity Insurance Drug Catalogue .2018.09.30. Available at: https://www.nhsa.gov.cn/art/2018/10/10/art_104

  • National Health Commission, People’s Republic of China, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine.2018 Edition of the National Essential Drug List .2018.10.15. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • The State Council. Opinions of the State Council on Implementing the “Healthy China Initiative” .2019.07.15. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • National Health Commission, People’s Republic of China, National Development and Reform Commission, People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Education, People’s Republic of China, et al. Healthy China Initiative – Implementation Plan for Cancer Prevention and Control (2019–2022) .2019.09.20. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • National Health Commission, People’s Republic of China. the Clinical Application Guidelines for New Antineoplastic Drugs (2019 Edition). 2019.12.20. Available at: Accessed 31 Dec 2023.

  • National Healthcare Security Administration. Circular from the Office of the National Medical Security Administration on Printing and Distributing the Detailed Grouping Scheme for Disease Diagnosis Related Groups (CHS-DRG) (Version 1.0) .2020.06.18. Available at: https://www.nhsa.gov.cn/art/2020/6/18/art_37_3240.html?ivk_sa=102432

  • National Medical Products Administration, National Health Commission, People’s Republic of China. 2020 Edition of the “Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China” .2020.07.12. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • Office of National Healthcare Security Administration. Circular on the Issuance of the National Health Insurance Fractional Payment by Disease (DIP) Technical Specifications and the DIP Disease Catalog Library (Version 1.0).2020.11.20. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • National Health Commission, People’s Republic of China. The Clinical Application Guidelines for New Antineoplastic Drugs (2020 Edition). 2020.12.30. Available at: Accessed Accessed 31 Dec 2023.

  • National Healthcare Security Administration, Ministry of Finance, People’s Republic of China. Circular on Accelerating Cross-Provincial Direct Settlement of Outpatient Expenses .2021.04.12. Available at: Accessed 31 Dec 2023.

  • Office of National Healthcare Security Administration, General Office of Ministry of Finance, People’s Republic of China. Circular on the Pilot Work of Cross-Provincial Direct Settlement of Treatment Costs Related to Outpatient Chronic and Special Diseases .2021.09.14. Available at: Accessed 2023.

  • General Office of National Health Commission, People’s Republic of China, General Office of Ministry of Science and Technology, People’s Republic of China, General Office of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, People’s Republic of China, et al. Circular on Printing and Distributing the Action Plan for Eliminating Public Health Hazards of Hepatitis C (2021–2030) .2021.09.15. Avail

  • General Office of National Health Commission, People’s Republic of China. Circular on the Issuance of Criteria for the Establishment of National Cancer Medical Centers .2021.11.03. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • General Office of National Health Commission, People’s Republic of China. Standard for diagnosis and treatment of primary liver cancer (2022 edition) .2022.01.21.Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • General Office of the State Council. The 14th Five-Year National Health Plan. 2022.04.27. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • General Office of National Health Commission, People’s Republic of China. Guidelines on the Issuance of Treatment Guidelines for Severe Acute Hepatitis in Children with Unexplained Causes (Trial).2022.06.16. Available at: Accessed 31 Dec 2023.

  • National Development and Reform Commission, People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Commerce, People’s Republic of China. Interpretation on Catalogue of Industries for Encouraging Foreign Investment (2022 Edition). 2022.07.29. Available at: Accessed 31 Dec 2023.

  • He J, Chen WQ, Shen HB, et al. China guideline for liver cancer screening (2022, Beijing). Journal of Clinical Hepatology. 2022;38(08):1739-1758+1954-1967.

  • National Health Commission, People’s Republic of China. Circular on the issuance of the Action Plan for the Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV, Syphilis and Hepatitis B (2022–2025).2022.12.30. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • National Cancer Center, Liver Cancer Expert Committee of National Cancer Quality Control Center. Quality control index for standardized diagnosis and treatment of primary liver cancer in China (2022 edition). Electron J of Liver Tumor. 2022;9(04):1–11.

  • National Health Commission, People’s Republic of China. the Clinical Application Guidelines for New Antineoplastic Drugs (2022 Edition). 2022. 12.30. Available at: Accessed 31 Dec 2023.

  • National Healthcare Security Administration, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, People’s Republic of China. China’s National Basic Medical Insurance, Work Injury Insurance and Maternity Insurance (2022). 2023.01.18. Available at: Accessed 31 Dec 2023.

  • National Health Commission, People’s Republic of China. Specialized Quality Control Indicators for Oncology (2023 Edition). 2023.03.07. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • National Disease Control and Prevention Administration. Circular of World Hepatitis Day 2023 Theme Publicity Activities .2023.07.11. Available at: Accessed 25 Dec 2023.

  • National Health Commission, People’s Republic of China, National Development and Reform Commission, People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Education, People’s Republic of China, at al. Healthy China Initiative – Implementation Plan for Cancer Prevention and Control (2023–2030) .2023.10.30. Available at: 2023–12–25.

  • National Healthcare Security Administration, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, People’s Republic of China. China’s National Basic Medical Insurance, Work Injury Insurance and Maternity Insurance (2023) .2023.12.13. Available at: 2023–12–31.

  • National Health Commission, People’s Republic of China. the Clinical Application Guidelines for New Antineoplastic Drugs (2023 Edition). 2024.01.03. Available at: Accessed 2024–12–31.

  • General Office of National Health Commission, People’s Republic of China. Standard for diagnosis and treatment of primary liver cancer (2024 edition). 2024.04.15. Available at: Accessed 2024–12–31.

  • National Healthcare Security Administration, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, People’s Republic of China. China’s National Basic Medical Insurance, Work Injury Insurance and Maternity Insurance (2024). 2024.11.28. Available at: Accessed 2023–12–31.

  • National Health Commission, People’s Republic of China. the Clinical Application Guidelines for New Antineoplastic Drugs (2023 Edition). 2025.01.07. Available at: Accessed 2024–12–31.

  • Liu ZH. Project summary of “fight hepatitis B: green home – health education program for chronic hepatitis B patients.” Liver Doctor. 2020;02:51–2. [Article in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu Z, Xie D, Fu L, et al. Functional cure based on pegylated interferon α in long-term nucleoside analog suppressed HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B: a multicenter real-world study (Everest Project in China), a sequential report-the predictors for HBsAg loss. Hepatol. 2021;75(2):S294–S803

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang QR, Sun F, Yu YQ, et al. The functional cure strategies of patients with high HBsAg levels at baseline with interferon therapy (OASIS Project 1.5-year data). APASL. 2023;2023: EPB–052.

  • Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China. Materials on Major Scientific and Technological Program for the Prevention and Control of Major Infectious Diseases, including AIDS and Viral Hepatitis. 2016–01–11. Available at: https://www.most.gov.cn/ztzl/qgkjgzhy/2016/2016jlcl/2016jlzdzx/201601/t20160111_123544

  • Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China. In the past decade, major projects have achieved qualitative breakthroughs in ten years. 2022–08–30. Available at: Accessed 28 Aug 2024.

  • China Liver Health. Early Screening for People at Risk of Liver Cancer- the Ganlin Programme. 2022–03–22. Available at: Accessed 28 Aug 2024.

  • National Medical Products Administration. 2018 Annual Drug Review Report. 2019–07–01. Available at: Accessed 25 Agu 2024.

  • Chinese Foundation for Hepatitis Prevention and Control. China Quality Liver Disease Medical Resources County Support Initiative. 2019–06–28. Available at: Accessed 20 Feb 2025.

  • Yan R, Sun M, Yang H, Du S, Sun L, Mao Y. 2024 latest report on hepatitis B virus epidemiology in China: current status, changing trajectory, and challenges. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr. 2025;14(1):66.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu Z, Lin C, Mao X, et al. Changing prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in China between 1973 and 2021: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of 3740 studies and 231 million people. Gut. 2023;72(12):2354–63.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Authors/Task Force Members; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG); ESC National Cardiac Societies. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Atheroscler. 2019;290:140–205.

  • World Health Organization. Global health sector strategies on, respectively, HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections for the period 2022–2030. World Health Organization. 2022. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Available at: Accessed 31 Agu 2024.

  • Li R, Shen M, Ong JJ, et al. Blueprint to hepatitis B elimination in China: a modelling analysis of clinical strategies. JHEP Rep. 2023;5(10): 100833.

    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang S, Wang C, Liu B, et al. Cost-effectiveness of expanded antiviral treatment for chronic hepatitis B virus infection in China: an economic evaluation. Lancet Regional Health. 2023;35: 100738.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang BH, Yang BH, Tang Z. Randomized controlled trial of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2004;130(7):417–22.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • National Multi-center Prospective Liver Cancer Extremely Early Warning Screening Program (PreCar) Expert Group. Expert consensus on early screening strategy for liver cancer in China. Chin J Hepatol. 2021;29(6):515–522. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20210605-00264.

  • Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases Prevention and Control Professional Committee of Chinese Preventive Medical Association, Hepatology Professional Committee of Chinese Research Hospital Association, Hepatology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, et al. Guidelines for stratified screening and surveillance of primary liver cancer (2020 Edition). Chinese journal of hepatology. 2021;29(1):25–40.

  • Shi JF, Cao MD, Yan XX, et al. Access to liver cancer screening and surveillance in populations in China: an exploratory analysis. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2022;43(6):906–14.

    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Stine JG, Wentworth BJ, Zimmet A, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis without cirrhosis compared to other liver diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;48(7):696–703.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rinella ME, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Siddiqui MS, et al. AASLD practice guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2023;77(5):1797–835.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Eslam M, Sarin SK, Wong VWS, et al. The Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of metabolic associated fatty liver disease. Hep Intl. 2020;14(6):889–919.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Loomba R, Lim JK, Patton H, El-Serag HB. AGA clinical practice update on screening and surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: expert review. Gastroenterol. 2020;158(6):1822–30.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, Professional Committee for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases Prevention and Control, et al. Guideline for stratified screening and surveillance of primary liver cancer (2020 Edition). Chin J Cancer Prev Treat. 2021;28(2):83–99. https://doi.org/10.16073/j.cnki.cjcpt.2021.02.01.

  • Ueno M, Takeda H, Takai A, Seno H. Risk factors and diagnostic biomarkers for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: current evidence and future perspectives. World J Gastroenterol. 2022;28(27):3410.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Singal AG, Ng M, Kulkarni A. Advancing surveillance strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma: a new era of efficacy and precision. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2024;14(6): 101448.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Norero B, Dufour JF. Should we undertake surveillance for HCC in patients with MAFLD? Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2023;14:20420188231160388.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • El Dahan KS, Daher D, Singal AG. Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2022;29(Suppl):S207.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Singal AG, El-Serag HB. Rational screening approaches for HCC in NAFLD patients. J Hepatol. 2021;76(1):195.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Singal AG, Tiro JA, Murphy CC, et al. Patient-reported barriers are associated with receipt of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in a multicenter cohort of patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19(5):987-995.e1.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Singal AG, Tiro J, Li X, Adams-Huet B, Chubak J. Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance among patients with cirrhosis in a population-based integrated health care delivery system. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2017;51(7):650–5.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zou HM, Lei Q, Yan X, Lai YF, Ung COL, Hu H. Clinical outcomes associated with monotherapy and combination therapy of immune checkpoint inhibitors as first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in real-world practice: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15(1):260.

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Villarruel-Melquiades F, Mendoza-Garrido ME, García-Cuellar CM, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Pérez-Carreón JI, Camacho J. Current and novel approaches in the pharmacological treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2023;29(17):2571.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie D, Shi J, Zhou J, Fan J, Gao Q. Clinical practice guidelines and real-life practice in hepatocellular carcinoma: a Chinese perspective. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023;29(2):206.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Llovet JM, Castet F, Heikenwalder M, et al. Immunotherapies for hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2022;19:151–72.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu F, Zhang H, Chen J, et al. Recent progress on the application of compound formulas of traditional Chinese medicine in clinical trials and basic research in vivo for chronic liver disease. J Ethnopharmacol. 2023;321:117514.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao R, Wang L, Liu Y, et al. The influence of adjunctive traditional Chinese medicine therapy on survival in primary liver cancer: a real-world study based on electronic medical records. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1231933.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao W, Zheng XD, Tang PYZ, et al. Advances of antitumor drug discovery in traditional Chinese medicine and natural active products by using multi-active components combination. Med Res Rev. 2023;43(5):1778–808.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Li K, Xiao KM, Zhu S, Wang Y, Wang W. Chinese herbal medicine for primary liver cancer therapy: perspectives and challenges. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:889799.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Zhang M, Xu Y, Li X, Lu T. Availability, price, and affordability of anti-hepatitis B virus drugs: a cross-sectional study in China. Int J Clin Pharm. 2024;46(3):694–03.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen GF, Wei L, Chen J, et al. Will sofosbuvir/ledipasvir (Harvoni) be cost-effective and affordable for Chinese patients infected with hepatitis C virus? An economic analysis using real-world data. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(6): e0155934.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gong H, Ong SC, Li F, et al. Cost-effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors as a first-line therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Health Econ Rev. 2024;14(1):48.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen Q, Sun Q, Zhang J, Li B, Feng Q, Liu J. Cost-effectiveness analysis of Tislelizumab vs Sorafenib as the first-line treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(3):e0295090.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • National Health Commission, People’s Republic of China. Statistical Bulletin on the Development of my country’s Health Care Industry in 2023. 2024–08–29. Available at: Accessed 10 Sep 2024.

  • Anwar A, Hyder S, Mohamed Nor N, Younis M. Government health expenditures and health outcome nexus: a study on OECD countries. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1123759.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng A, Fang Q, Zhu Y, Jiang C, Jin F, Wang X. An application of ARIMA model for predicting total health expenditure in China from 1978–2022. J Glob Health. 2020;10(1): 010803.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. National cancer control programmes: policies and managerial guidelines. World Health Organization. 2002. Available at: Accessed 10 Sep 2024.

  • World Health Organization. National cancer control programmes core capacity self assessment tool. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2011. Available at: Accessed 10 Sep 2024.

  • Given LS, Hohman K, Kostelecky B, Vinson C. Cancer control planning: self-assessment for pre-planning, development, implementation and evaluation of national cancer control plans. Cancer Causes Control. 2018;29:1297–303.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • European guide for quality national cancer control programmes. Ljubljana: National Institute of Public Health. 2015. Available at: Accessed 10 Sep 2024.

  • Kenzie ES, Seater M, Wakeland W, Coronado GD, Davis MM. System dynamics modeling for cancer prevention and control: a systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(12):e0294912.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • link

    Leave a Reply

    Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *